Learn Microprocessors, PC Hardware and Interfacing with this Free PDF Book by N. Mathivanan
- Who is the author? - Why is it useful for students and engineers? H2: Overview of microprocessors - What are microprocessors and how do they work? - What are the main components and features of microprocessors? - What are some examples of microprocessors and their applications? H2: Overview of PC hardware - What are the main components and functions of PC hardware? - How are PC hardware and microprocessors connected and interfaced? - What are some common PC hardware standards and specifications? H2: Overview of interfacing - What is interfacing and why is it important? - What are the types and methods of interfacing? - What are some examples of interfacing devices and circuits? H3: Parallel interfacing - What is parallel interfacing and how does it work? - What are the advantages and disadvantages of parallel interfacing? - What are some parallel interfacing devices and examples? H3: Serial interfacing - What is serial interfacing and how does it work? - What are the advantages and disadvantages of serial interfacing? - What are some serial interfacing devices and examples? H3: Analog interfacing - What is analog interfacing and how does it work? - What are the advantages and disadvantages of analog interfacing? - What are some analog interfacing devices and examples? H2: Overview of the book - How is the book organized and structured? - What are the main topics and chapters covered in the book? - How does the book explain the concepts and provide examples? H3: Chapter 1: Introduction to Microprocessors - What are the objectives and contents of this chapter? - How does this chapter introduce the history and evolution of microprocessors? - How does this chapter explain the architecture and operation of microprocessors? H3: Chapter 2: Microprocessor-Based Systems - What are the objectives and contents of this chapter? - How does this chapter describe the design and implementation of microprocessor-based systems? - How does this chapter illustrate the use of memory, input/output, interrupts, timers, counters, etc.? H3: Chapter 3: Advanced Microprocessors - What are the objectives and contents of this chapter? - How does this chapter discuss the features and functions of advanced microprocessors? - How does this chapter compare different types of advanced microprocessors such as 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit, etc.? H3: Chapter 4: PC Hardware Fundamentals - What are the objectives and contents of this chapter? - How does this chapter introduce the basics of PC hardware components and functions? - How does this chapter explain the PC hardware standards such as ISA, PCI, USB, etc.? H3: Chapter 5: PC Hardware Interfacing - What are the objectives and contents of this chapter? - How does this chapter describe the methods and techniques of PC hardware interfacing? - How does this chapter demonstrate various PC hardware interfacing examples such as keyboard, mouse, printer, monitor, etc.? H3: Chapter 6: Interfacing Devices - What are the objectives and contents of this chapter? - How does this chapter present different types of interfacing devices such as parallel ports, serial ports, analog ports, etc.? - How does this chapter explain the operation and application of interfacing devices such as latches, buffers, decoders, multiplexers, etc.? H3: Chapter 7: Interfacing Circuits - What are the objectives and contents of this chapter? - How does this chapter introduce different types of interfacing circuits such as logic gates, flip-flops, registers, counters, etc.? - How does this chapter show the design and analysis of interfacing circuits such as LED displays, LCD displays, stepper motors, etc.? H2: Conclusion - What are the main points and takeaways of the article? - How does the article summarize the book and its benefits? - How does the article encourage the reader to download the book? H2: FAQs - What are some frequently asked questions and answers about the book and the topic? # Article with HTML formatting Introduction
If you are a student or an engineer who wants to learn about microprocessors, PC hardware and interfacing, you might be interested in a book that covers these topics in a comprehensive and practical way. The book is called Microprocessors, PC Hardware and Interfacing by N. Mathivanan. It is a book that provides a clear and concise introduction to the concepts and applications of microprocessors, PC hardware and interfacing. It also explains the design and implementation of microprocessor-based systems using various examples and case studies.
microprocessors pc hardware and interfacing by n. mathivanan pdf free download
The book is written by N. Mathivanan, who is a professor of electronics and communication engineering at Anna University, Chennai, India. He has over 25 years of teaching and research experience in the fields of microprocessors, digital systems, computer architecture and interfacing. He has also authored several books and papers on these topics.
The book is useful for students and engineers who want to gain a solid understanding of microprocessors, PC hardware and interfacing. It is also suitable for those who want to prepare for competitive exams or interviews related to these fields. The book covers both the theoretical and practical aspects of microprocessors, PC hardware and interfacing, with an emphasis on problem-solving and hands-on learning.
Overview of microprocessors
A microprocessor is a small electronic device that can perform arithmetic and logical operations on data. It is also known as a central processing unit (CPU) or a processor. It is the brain of a computer or any other digital system that uses it. A microprocessor consists of three main components: an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a control unit (CU) and a set of registers.
The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations on data such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, comparison, etc. The CU controls the flow of data and instructions between the ALU, the registers and other devices. The registers store data and instructions temporarily during processing. Some common registers are accumulator (A), program counter (PC), stack pointer (SP), instruction register (IR), status register (SR), etc.
A microprocessor can execute a set of instructions that are stored in a memory device such as ROM or RAM. These instructions are called machine code or assembly language. Each instruction consists of an opcode (operation code) and an operand (data or address). The opcode specifies what operation to perform and the operand specifies where to get or store the data.
Some examples of microprocessors are Intel 8085, Intel 8086, Intel 80386, Motorola 68000, Zilog Z80, etc. These microprocessors have different features and specifications such as word size (number of bits processed at a time), clock speed (number of cycles per second), instruction set (number of instructions supported), addressing modes (ways of accessing data), etc.
Microprocessors have various applications in different fields such as computers, mobile phones, calculators, digital watches, robots, automobiles, etc. They can perform complex tasks such as processing text, images, audio, video, etc., with high speed and accuracy.
Overview of PC hardware
PC hardware refers to the physical components that make up a personal computer or a PC. These components include input devices, output devices, storage devices, communication devices and system devices. These devices work together to perform various functions such as inputting data, outputting data, storing data, communicating data and processing data.
Input devices are used to enter data into a PC. Some common input devices are keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, webcam, etc. Output devices are used to display or produce data from a PC. Some common output devices are monitor, printer, speaker, headphone, projector, etc.
), memory card, cloud storage, etc.
Communication devices are used to send and receive data between a PC and other devices or networks. Some common communication devices are modem, router, network card, wireless adapter, Bluetooth adapter, etc.
System devices are used to control and support the operation of a PC. Some common system devices are motherboard, CPU, RAM, ROM, BIOS, power supply, fan, etc.
PC hardware and microprocessors are connected and interfaced through various buses and ports. A bus is a set of wires or traces that carry data and signals between different devices. A port is a physical or logical interface that allows a device to communicate with another device or a network. Some common buses and ports are data bus, address bus, control bus, ISA bus, PCI bus, USB port, serial port, parallel port, etc.
Overview of interfacing
Interfacing is the process of connecting and communicating between different devices or systems. It is important for transferring data and information between microprocessors, PC hardware and other devices such as sensors, actuators, displays, etc. Interfacing can be classified into three types: parallel interfacing, serial interfacing and analog interfacing.
Parallel interfacing is a method of interfacing where multiple bits of data are transferred simultaneously over multiple wires or lines. Parallel interfacing can achieve high data transfer rates but requires more wires and connectors than serial interfacing. Parallel interfacing is suitable for short-distance communication between devices that are located close to each other.
Serial interfacing is a method of interfacing where one bit of data is transferred at a time over a single wire or line. Serial interfacing can achieve long-distance communication between devices that are located far from each other but requires more time and synchronization than parallel interfacing. Serial interfacing is suitable for low-speed or high-speed communication depending on the protocol used.
Analog interfacing is a method of interfacing where continuous signals such as voltage or current are transferred over wires or lines. Analog interfacing can handle signals that vary in amplitude and frequency but requires conversion between analog and digital signals before and after processing by microprocessors or PC hardware. Analog interfacing is suitable for interfacing with devices that produce or consume analog signals such as sensors, actuators, audio devices, etc.
Parallel interfacing
Parallel interfacing is a type of interfacing where multiple bits of data are transferred simultaneously over multiple wires or lines. For example, an 8-bit parallel interface can transfer 8 bits of data at a time over 8 wires or lines. Parallel interfaces can be classified into two types: memory-mapped I/O and port-mapped I/O.
Memory-mapped I/O is a type of parallel interface where the input/output (I/O) devices are assigned specific memory addresses in the microprocessor's address space. The microprocessor can access the I/O devices by reading from or writing to these memory addresses using the same instructions as for accessing memory. Memory-mapped I/O simplifies the programming of I/O operations but reduces the available memory space for data and programs.
Port-mapped I/O is a type of parallel interface where the input/output (I/O) devices are assigned specific port addresses that are separate from the microprocessor's address space. The microprocessor can access the I/O devices by using special instructions such as IN (input) and OUT (output) that specify the port address and the data to be transferred. Port-mapped I/O preserves the memory space for data and programs but requires more instructions for I/O operations.
The advantages of parallel interfacing are:
It can achieve high data transfer rates as multiple bits of data are transferred at a time.
It can handle large amounts of data as it has more wires or lines than serial interfacing.
It does not require synchronization or start/stop bits as each bit has its own wire or line.
The disadvantages of parallel interfacing are:
It requires more wires and connectors than serial interfacing which increases the cost and complexity of the interface.
It is susceptible to noise and interference as the wires or lines are close to each other.
It is limited by the distance between the devices as the signal quality degrades over long wires or lines.
Some examples of parallel interfacing devices are parallel ports, latches, buffers, decoders, multiplexers, etc. Parallel ports are used to connect printers, scanners, etc. to a PC. Latches are used to store data temporarily in a parallel interface. Buffers are used to increase the driving capability of a parallel interface. Decoders are used to select a specific device from a group of devices in a parallel interface. Multiplexers are used to combine multiple data sources into one data output in a parallel interface.
Serial interfacing
Serial interfacing is a type of interfacing where one bit of data is transferred at a time over a single wire or line. For example, a serial interface can transfer one bit of data at a time over one wire or line. Serial interfaces can be classified into two types: synchronous and asynchronous.
Synchronous serial interface is a type of serial interface where the data transfer is synchronized by a common clock signal that is shared by the sender and the receiver. The clock signal determines the timing and rate of the data transfer. Synchronous serial interface can achieve high-speed communication but requires more hardware and coordination than asynchronous serial interface.
Asynchronous serial interface is a type of serial interface where the data transfer is not synchronized by a common clock signal but by start and stop bits that are added to each data unit. The start bit indicates the beginning of the data unit and the stop bit indicates the end of the data unit. The sender and the receiver must agree on the baud rate (bits per second) and the data format (number of bits, parity, etc.) before the data transfer. Asynchronous serial interface can achieve low-speed or high-speed communication depending on the baud rate and the data format but requires less hardware and coordination than synchronous serial interface.
The advantages of serial interfacing are:
It requires less wires and connectors than parallel interfacing which reduces the cost and complexity of the interface.
It is less susceptible to noise and interference as there is only one wire or line for data transfer.
It can cover longer distances than parallel interfacing as the signal quality does not degrade as much over long wires or lines.
The disadvantages of serial interfacing are:
It can achieve lower data transfer rates than parallel interfacing as only one bit of data is transferred at a time.
It can handle less amounts of data than parallel interfacing as it has fewer wires or lines for data transfer.
It requires synchronization or start/stop bits which adds overhead to the data transfer.
Some examples of serial interfacing devices are serial ports, UARTs, shift registers, SPI, I2C, etc. Serial ports are used to connect modems, mice, etc. to a PC. UARTs are used to convert parallel data into serial data and vice versa in a serial interface. Shift registers are used to store and shift data in a serial interface. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) is a synchronous serial interface that uses four wires: clock, master out slave in (MOSI), master in slave out (MISO) and chip select (CS). I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) is an asynchronous serial interface that uses two wires: clock and data.
Analog interfacing
Analog interfacing is a type of interfacing where continuous signals such as voltage or current are transferred over wires or lines. For example, an analog interface can transfer an audio signal over a wire or line. Analog interfaces can be classified into two types: analog input and analog output.
Analog input is a type of analog interface where an analog signal is received by a microprocessor or PC hardware from an external device such as a sensor, microphone, etc. The analog signal must be converted into digital signal before it can be processed by the microprocessor or PC hardware. The conversion is done by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) which samples and quantizes the analog signal into discrete digital values.
Analog output is a type of analog interface where an analog signal is sent by a microprocessor or PC hardware to an external device such as an actuator, speaker, etc. The analog signal must be converted from digital signal that is generated by the microprocessor or PC hardware. The conversion is done by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) which reconstructs and smoothes the digital signal into continuous analog values.
The advantages of analog interfacing are:
It can handle signals that vary in amplitude and frequency such as audio, video, temperature, pressure, etc.
such as sound and light.
It can interface with a wide range of devices that use analog signals such as sensors, actuators, audio devices, etc.
The disadvantages of analog interfacing are:
It requires conversion between analog and digital signals which adds complexity and cost to the interface.
It is prone to noise and distortion as the signal quality degrades over wires or lines.
It is limited by the resolution and accuracy of the ADCs and DACs used in the interface.
Some examples of analog interfacing devices are ADCs, DACs, op-amps, filters, amplifiers, etc. ADCs are used to convert analog signals into digital signals in an analog input interface. DACs are used to convert digital signals into analog signals in an analog output interface. Op-amps are used to perform various operations on analog signals such as amplification, buffering, mixing, etc. Filters are used to remove unwanted frequencies from analog signals such as noise, interference, etc. Amplifiers are used to increase the power or voltage of analog signals such as audio, video, etc.
Overview of the book
The book Microprocessors, PC Hardware and Interfacing by N. Mathivanan is a book that covers the topics of microprocessors, PC hardware and interfacing in a comprehensive and practical way. The book is organized and structured into seven chapters that cover the following topics:
Chapter 1: Introduction to Microprocessors - This chapter introduces the history and evolution of microprocessors, the architecture and operation of microprocessors, the instruction set and programming of microprocessors, and the applications of microprocessors.
Chapter 2: Microprocessor-Based Systems - This chapter describes the design and implementation of microprocessor-based systems using various components such as memory, input/output devices, interrupts, timers, counters, etc. It also explains the interfacing techniques and standards for microprocessor-based systems.
Chapter 3: Advanced Microprocessors - This chapter discusses the features and functions of advanced microprocessors such as 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit microprocessors. It also compares different types of advanced microprocessors such as Intel 8086, Intel 80386, Motorola 68000, etc.
Chapter 4: PC Hardware Fundamentals - This chapter introduces the basics of PC h